try to use single word i.e Pakistan
(Verb)
| synonyms | sentence |
|---|---|
| Lower, Degrade, Humiliate, Debase, Deteriorate, Demoralize, Corrupt, Lessen, Profane | When my brother behaved badly, my mother would abase him by comparing him to a bad puppy. |
| Words | sentences |
|---|---|
| Vine | The big vine is full of grapes. |
| Wine | Wine is the mother of all the evils. |
| Words | Sentences |
|---|---|
| Vain | He tried hard to pass the examination but all in vain. |
| Vein | Veins carry blood. |
| Words | sentences |
|---|---|
| Vocation | By vocation he is a doctor. |
| Vacation | I’ll go to Lahore during summer vacation. |
The art of writing an essay is by far the most difficult of arts to practice, especially for the students who are still not mature enough to perceive instinctively the full implications of the subject matter of the compositions which they are called upon to attempt. Students, moreover, do not have generally adequate command over language to express themselves efficiently through a foreign medium like English. They keep on groping in darkness. Conceptual difficulties as well as difficulties of expressing thoughts, through a foreign medium, impinge adversely on the style of their writing. The essay has to bring thoughts to converge into a sharp focus so that after going through a well-written essay the reader feels unforgettably the dent of the author’s thoughts on his own mind. The effectiveness of an essay, therefore, depends on the author’s ability to present himself with the greatest possible clarity of thought and lucidity of expression. The style has to be straight and simple. There must be a direct hit on the points which the author desires to emphasize.
‘Essay’ literally means an attempt or “effort’ or ‘experiment’ and the attempt or effort relevant for the present purpose would be the attempt to compose one’s thoughts so as to present them in a logically coherent structure and sequence. The essay is mainly a sort of experimentation on the intellectual plane and in spite of the fact that it is an experiment, the essay must be able to show that it is an effortless ‘effort’. The ability of the author of an essay to present himself with effortless ease depends on his innate genius as well as his cultivation of a style of his own with repeated efforts on right lines. The best way to know what a good essay is to go through some of the best of ‘efforts’ and acquaint oneself with the technique of composing one’s thoughts. The entire personality of the essayist manifests itself in the thoughts and the style of an essay and as such, it would not be too much to say that a good essay can be written only by a well-developed personality. Students who are rather keen to cultivate the art of essay-writing have to keep their minds open to let in as much of knowledge as possible and sharpen their powers of reasoning by making a critical analysis of what they receive.
The importance of essay-writing could hardly be exaggerated. If I public examinations a considerable weight is given to the ‘essay’. It is also a compulsory paper for many of the provincial competitive examinations and some of the university degree as well as post-graduate examinations. One may naturally ask the question why so much of importance is being given to this particular form of the literary composition when there are several other forms as well and the obvious answer would be that this form is the surest test of the personality of the author. The contents of the personality of the author would somehow get into the form of his essay and the mold that manifests itself would carry certain convincing basis to form an opinion about the intellectual height of the author and his ability to reason out his feelings.
Introduction to Essay Writing its Parts and Qualities
The essay reflects the ability of the essayist. What sort of ability is this? Why not test the ability of any person with the help of objective tests, which it is the fashion in the U.S.A. and other advanced counties to adopt. What is the idea at the back of the so-called objective tests? The questions set therein are extremely simple. Those that appear for the tests are called upon to ‘pair’ or ‘match’ certain facts and statements out of a disorderly jumble. Correct matching of things which are related is possible only if the person is very precise in his knowledge and knows definitely what is what. For instance, if certain names of scientists and certain inventions are given in two columns in a disorderly fashion and if the candidates taking the examination are asked to pinpoint by matching which invention was made by whom, unless there is a precise knowledge, the matching would go wrong. If wrong pairings cancel an equal number of right ones, the credit obtained would not be particularly significant, unless one shows a remarkable precision.
Objective tests are certainly of great value for certain purposes the aim of which is to find out whether or not the candidates are exact in their information. Objective tests are, therefore, a sort of information-test. They are not well suited to test the personality of the candidates. A well informed person is not always in a position to write a good essay for the simple reason that he does not possess the ability to weave a thread of unity out of the diversity of the bits of information. The multiplicity of pieces of information may congest a crowded skull but it would not come to well-integrated pattern of thoughts. The ability to arrange one’s thoughts in a beautiful design is the principal requisite for successful essay writing. What is the main core of this ability?
The core of this ability consists of mainly two things. The first thing is the nature of information which the essayist possesses. It is absolutely essential for the essayist to know enough about the subject on which he is going to write. It is necessary, therefore, for the essayist to find out what particular subject is best suited to him out of the few that are given in any examination. He should choose a bat about which he is best informed. The next step would be to organise that information in a certain sequence. It would be highly useful for the essayist to jot down his points on a piece of paper, arrange them in certain order and see if the sequence of the points has any logical basis. The essential thing to keep in mind is “Does the next step follow inevitably from the one that has gone before ? Would any other step be more appropriate ?”
Thus what precedes and what follows must show a thread of unity and continuity or else it would be more of patch-work and an essay is anything but patchwork. The essay must show the characteristics of a good piece of art. A good piece of art shows some inherent sense of unity. It mirrors the complete vision of the artist. What matters is the completeness of that vision. The artist does not visualise the piece of his art part by part. He visualises the entire piece as one single unit. The various parts come into existence only in process of executing the entire piece as one unit. That is merely a matter of convenience. The mental unity of the artist impresses itself on the materials that constitute the medium for his self-expression. The essayist also has to have the vision of the artist. There must be mental unity.
The whole essay is to be seen as it were, beforehand, to perceive within the mind where exactly it begins, how it flows and where exactly the train of thoughts and feelings are expected to reach an end. It means quite a bit of hard thinking and those who find vigorous thinking rather distasteful are well advised to. keep off from at least this form of composition. It is only those who are endowed with a vigorous mind to analyse the threads that get entangled into a complete skein of the mingled mass of material who can hope to write a good essay. It is however, not beyond the reach of average ability to cultivate the art of essay writing if they are prepared to make a sincere effort. The essay is a matter of sincerity. Resplendent sincerity is the basic step towards writing a good essay.
Difficulties of language can be got over in course of time if people who are serious about the matter make serious efforts. There must be a good choice of words and the sentences constructed must show a certain sharpness of purpose. Words carry very exact meanings and hence, every word that is chosen must be appropriate in the context concerned. A wrong word or a word out of context leaves a sense of roughness. As far as possible words which are extremely simple should be used. Simple words emphasize thought and big words emphasize sound which is of secondary importance. The construction of sentences should be direct and simple and this means that the thought put therein must also be straight and simple. It is all, therefore, a matter of the mental height and personality of the essayist concerned. The essays that follow endeavor to actualize these ideas. The test of the pudding is in its eating.
A story consists of these four distinct parts:
The beginning should be direct and the story should be begun in the very first line. The writer should never introduce himself or the story so as to clarify particular things that are to be told later on. This destroys a semblance of reality in the story. in the beginning of the story the writer should introduce to the reader the different characters that take part in it. He should also show the trend of the story and point out the problem that the story is going to tackle or the incidents that are going to occur.
Short Paragraph on Drug Addiction with Quotations
So that, after having read the beginning of the story, the reader should be in possession of sufficient material to be able to appreciate all that comes later on. He should also have Some idea of the things that are going to happen in the course of the story. The students should always remember that if the beginning of a short-story is dull, the reader will not read further than that, so he should make it very interesting.
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This is the most interesting part of the story. It brings about the last conflict between different forces or personalities of the story. Here all the characters who are opposed to each other, meet. The writer should try to make the climax a determining factor in the story. There should be a slight element of surprise in it. But he should be careful to keep this surprise within the limitations imposed by the rules of probability.
Very often the end of the story and the climax come together. This gives a sharpness to the story which increases its charm. But if that is not considered desirable, the student should come to the end of the story at the earliest after the climax. Any further dragging of the story is not considered desirable. The student should use this part of the story to finally settle the questions that have been decided in principle by the resolution of the conflict in the climax. Thus there may be a hint about reward or punishment that the characters receive or there may be some slight indication of the things that writer expects would happen in the days to come. But it should not be enlarged upon in any case.
By following these simple steps you can write an amazing story that can be ideal for every reader of you.
The word ‘Essay’ is derived from the old French word essai meaning attempt. An essay is an attempt at writing something about or on something. Montaigne, the famous French essayist, is said to have originated the style of writing. He wrote many compositions which were translated into English about the time Shakespeare was writing his greatest plays. They have had very great influence on other writers from that time. Shakespeare read them, as we can often see in the thoughts he puts into the mouths of his characters. And they were also responsible for the first great essay, we have in English-those of Francis Bacon(1566-1626), which are considerably shorter than Montaigne’s, sometimes only of one page.
These essays of Montaigne and Bacon are mainly meditations or reflections arranged in orderly ways. Since their time, the name ‘essay’ has been given to writings of very varying length, from a page or two to long ones like those of Macaulay and others. Nowadays ‘essays are generally short because they are written to fill a limited amount of space in a daily, weekly, monthly or a quarterly publication.
According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary, an essay is “a literary composition on any subject, usually in prose, and short.” Thus essay is the grouping together and presentation of ideas. The musician translates his thoughts into music; the painter uses his brushes and colors; the writer and the speaker must make use of language, both written and spoken, in order to give to others an idea of his thoughts.
Therefore, it follows that, just as there are many types of musical composition-operas, songs, and orchestral pieces also different kinds of pictures, viz. oil paintings, watercolors, landscapes, and miniatures so there must be many different forms of writing, dependent entirely upon the idea it is desired to convey and the impression to be made. Whatever may be the form of expression adopted, it must possess certain essential qualities.
The writing of an essay in English is one of the most difficult tasks a Pakistani student has to undertake. Our problem is how to translate our thoughts and feelings into correct and living English. Mostly, the students complain that they have no material for a topic or the other. Some are shy, while others approach their teachers for guidance. The only guidance that a teacher can give his student is that he should:
From search, we mean that a research attitude should be developed in the students. The teacher can make use of the college library for this purpose. It has been observed that most of the students don’t get books from the college library because they don’t know how to consult the card files in the library. It is recommended that guidance programmes may be started in colleges for this purpose. The business of such programmes will be to assist the students to make a right choice of books they need and how to find them. In short, a student must always be prepared to hunt his material wherever he can lay his hand upon.
Reading is the most important requisite for writing. Reading will give you the material. But one has to make a healthy selection in reading for some hooks are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few of he chewed and digested.
There is a saying, One may lead a horse to water, but twenty cannot make him drink. This means a teacher cannot ask a boy to think. It is just a personal experience which cannot be forced on the students. The power of thinking can be cultivated and then developed through questions as suggested by Socrates.
If you wish to write good English, reading is not enough you must practice. Do write something every day, even if it is just a paragraph. But write as well as you can so that you may be able to improve upon what only yesterday you regarded as your best.
A sentence is a complete thought expressed in words. A paragraph is a collection of sentences. An essay is a collection of paragraphs. These three products, the sentence, the paragraph, and the essay, however much they differ, ought to have one factor in common is unity.
The student, before he begins to write, must note carefully the wording of the subject set, and convince himself that he has understood its scope, making it neither too narrow nor too broad, nor allowing his thought to wander away from the point.
The student must realize the relative importance of the different points of the essay and allot spaces to them accordingly. Each topic must have its appropriate space. Trifling :. matters, if at all introduced in the essay, should never occupy a large space. Important and weighty ideas, on the other hand, should occupy a prominent position and receive a duly elaborate treatment.
The paragraphs should be so arranged that, when the reader has gone through one paragraph, his mind will be carried forward by an easy, transition to the next one. The ideas must succeed in an that coherence of the whole essay may be secured. A proper logical order in setting forth the ideas can be ensured only by the use of an outline,
In drawing up an outline, the following general rules should be observed.
Essays may be divided roughly into four classes:
Narrative essays are those that consist of the narration of some event. Such events may consist of the narration of some event. Such events may be
Descriptive essays are those that consist of the description of some place or thing. These may be in
Reflective essays consist of reflections upon some topic, which is generally of an abstract nature. These may be
These consist of the exposition of a saying, or a thesis, as,
Essay writing is a skill which is most needed by us, and perhaps, which is most better by us. In essay writing, the views, opinions and facts are structured in a systematic and formal way.
Select the topic for your essay which interests you most. Select neither a too difficult topic nor a too easy one. If you can write a humorous essay only then touch a humorous topic: otherwise select some other which is of your liking.
Having selected a topic think on it for a few minutes. Explore the depth of your mind and bring out all relevant material. Do not think that this time is being wasted. It is, on the other hand, the best use that the time reserved for the essay can be put to. Jot down on a piece of paper all the ideas or points that come to your mind.
If your have too many ideas the need for selection of the important and more necessary will arise. For example, if the topic is ‘War’ you may be confused as to which aspect of it should be described whether to give a description of wars, the horror of wars, the history of wars, the desire to wage to was or the measures to put an end to it. In such a case select the points which seem significant and can serve your purpose.
Thoughts may rush. into your mind but it will be a disorderly rabble entering the portals of your mind. It will not be a disciplined army, the sight of which will impress the spectator. So, your disordered thoughts need to be properly arranged. See which should be given the first place, which the ‘second and so on. Pruning and planning will invest the same material with greater charm; order and arrangement will make it look a chiseled product with proper finish.
It is said that well begun is half done and this is very true in the case of essays. To create a good impression on the reader or the examiner make your first paragraph, nay the very first sentence, arresting. The first paragraph should be a general one. The essay can begin with a quotation, with a story, with a humorous or profound remark or even in an abrupt manner.
Divide the essay into a number of paragraphs. Do not mix up differing ideas in one paragraph. Let it contain just one idea or similar ideas. The body of the essay should have certain qualities. There should be unity. i.e., only one subject should be discussed. The irrelevant matter should be excluded. Do not begin an essay till you have. thoroughly understood its scope, e.g., on the essay, ‘A Cinema Depicting a Literary Subject, you are not to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Cinema or its general effect upon man for it is beyond the scope of the topic.
There should be coherence in the essay and the ideas should have a logical connection. Arrange your thoughts properly and then present them in a logical manner. The ideas should not be disjointed or jumbled up.
The proper proportion should be observed between the various parts of the essay, i.e., present the different ideas in a balanced manner. The introduction conclusion.or one paragraph describing- one idea should not be disproportionately long. Do not waste too many words in the introduction so that when you are going to begin the discussion of the topic the time for the essay has finished.
Just as an introductory paragraph is needed, a concluding paragraph is also very important. A good ending will give the finish to the essay and will not let it look incomplete.
The conclusion should be short and natural; the ending should not be abrupt. It may contain some striking sentences, or sum up the ideas given in the body of the essay and give the writer’s point of view about the topic under discussion. The conclusion should leave a good lasting impression upon the examiner.
When we do not know the exact meaning of a word we look up for the same in the dictionary. It is really an interesting exercise to compare and contrast, the meaning and the definition available in various dictionaries.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines essay as:
“A literary composition on any subject, usually in prose and short.”
Whereas in the Chamber’s Twentieth Century Dictionary, the essay has been defined as:
A trial; an experiment; a written composition, less elaborate than a treatise.
Etymologically essay means:
To weigh, to balance.
Though defining a thing means putting a limit, it will, however, not be out of place if a few definitions by renowned scholars are quoted.
The oft-quoted definition is that of Dr. Johnson who defined essay as:
A loose sally of mind; an irregular, indigested piece; not a regular and orderly composition.
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This definition has been criticised since its very inception—-rightly or otherwise. Benson did not attach much importance to the subject, matter but to the charm of personality.
According to him:
The essential point about an essay is not the subject but the charm of personality.
Bacon, the most renowned essayist, said:
Reading macketh a full man; writing an exact man; ani conference a ready man.
None can become an exact man until he is conscious of what he writes.
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Essay being the reflection of writer’s whims, caprices, idiosyncrasies, and rationality, it is difficult to bind it in a few stereotyped qualities. As the subject-matter includes Anything from the Day of Judgement to a pair of scissors, as Lynd puts it, the qualities are likely to be different from essay to essay. All the essays, however, possess some common qualities.
Essay is an organic whole but not unshaped lump. It is divided into paragraphs of different length.
Unity: Essay is like a building which is, no doubt, made of individual bricks but each brick is not called a building. It is the unity of design which goes to make the building. Similarly, every sentence, each paragraph, and essay as a whole should have unity. The systematic development of thought is the keynote of a good essay. Digression and unnecessary padding will defeat the very purpose of an essay.
The ideas in the essay should not hang loose like gossamer but should be stitched together in a logical sequence. Ideas in the essay are inter-linked like the links of chain. Disjointed ideas will mar the beauty of the essay. The hotch-potch of ill-digested ideas creates anarchy in the essay.
A proper proportion should be maintained between the various parts of the essay. If the trivial points are unduly stretched and important points unduly economized, the essay will have ill-balance which is a disqualification. The main theme should always be kept in mind.
Suppose the essay has to be written in about 1,000 words, the best division of paragraphs and points would be to put approximately:
Choose the topic with which you are thoroughly acquainted. Some students select unfamiliar subjects, simply wishful thinking. A man who is the master of the topic with which you have got only nodding acquaintance will secure definitely higher marks than you. Understand the subject-thoroughly before you start writing. The wrong start will mean the Wrong essay.
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An essay can be divided into following parts:
Every essay needs an introduction. An introduction is the face of the essays. It should, therefore, be striking, fascinating and must at once capture the attention of the reader. Various essayists have started their essays in different ways. The modern tendency is to take a direct plunge into the subject-matter. The hackneyed method was to start the essay with a definition or quotation. The start may also depend on the particular subject-matter. Even a quotation may be most fit if the subject of the essay can conveniently accommodate it.
It is the most important portion of the essay. Here only one is likely to be led astray. The middle of the essay contains the main discussion on the subject-matter and as such attempts should be made to avoid non-essential material.
Conclusion flows naturally out of the essay. No hard and fast rules can be prescribed. The end should neither be dramatic nor abrupt but natural. It is the last impression on the reader or the examiner.
Be very careful that last impression is not bad. No indication of
should be given. If the introduction is the face, middle the body, conclusion constitutes the legs of the essay. If a beautiful face and symmetrical body are supported on lean legs, the whole structure will lose its charm. The essay is an organic whole, hence the beginning, the middle and the end are to be knit together.
Dean Alford says in this connection:
Be simple, be unaffected, be honest in your speaking and writing. Never use a long word where a short one will do. Simplicity is the soul of good English.
These are some pairs of words which are frequently used in our daily life and constantly repeated in the fifth and eight classes examinations of punjab sindh kpk balochistan boards. Students can avail from these sentences which are given below in a table form. These are also most benefits for the pec guess papers of science group and model papers issued by punjab examination and federal board. These commonly used words are mostly lead by the gujranwala , multan, faisalabad and lahore boards.
| WORDS | SENTENCES |
|---|---|
| Dependent Dependant | My parents are dependent on me. Although he has ten dependants, he is quite happy. |
| Desirable Desirous | Your behaviour in the meeting was not desirable. He is desirous to settle in Makkah. |
| Doubt Suspect | We cannot doubt his honesty. Even his enemies never suspect his truthfulness. |
| Draught Drought | It is good to drink water in many draughts. We are facing the danger of drought this year. |
| Drop Droop | Our fielders dropped many easy catches. He drooped to the lowest level of immorality. |
| Economic Economical | The economic condition of our country is not so good. He spends money in an economical way. |
| Effective Efficient | This injection is effective against malaria. Efficient workers are respected everywhere. |
| Emigrate Immigrate | Many Pakistanis have emigrated to England. Western Countries do not allow people to immigrate. |
| Emigrant Immigrant | The number of Afghan emigrants has increased. The American government discourages immigrants. |
| Empire Umpire | The Ottoman Empire reflected the true Islamic culture. The third umpire revised the decision. |
| Empty Vacant | The glass is empty. There is no vacant room in the hotel. |
| Enviable Envious | His result is enviable I am envious of the performance of my elder brother. |
| Enviable Insure | He ensured me of his help. The car is insured. |
| Essay Assay | Write an essay on “My Best Friend”. we assayed to climb the hill |
| Excite Incite | The players were quite excited in the final. Do not incite the people against the government. |
| Exclude Include | He was excluded from the team for his misconduct. His proposal includes many good points. |
| Explicit Implicit | His conduct is as explicit as the daylight. Try to get to the implicit message of the writer. |
| Expression Impression | This poem is the true expression of the poet’s feelings. The first impression is the last impression. |
| Fatal Fateful | Protect your children from fatal diseases. The Second World War proved fateful. |
| Fly Flee | The seagull flew in the air. We forced the enemy to flee |
| Fog Folk Fake | Fog delayed our arrival. Our folktales are very interesting. Some of our parliamentarians are fake degree holders. |
| Formerly Formally | Hand-woven cloth was formerly very popular. The agreement will be formally announced tomorrow. |
| Forward Foreward | At last he took a step forward. He has written a foreward to this book. |
| Four Fore | A cow has four legs. The result was fore-told by the media a week ago. |
| Freedom Liberty | We won freedom in 1947. Don’t give your children a lot of liberty. |
| Gentle Genteel | He is gentle in his behaviour. Quaid-e-Azam lived a genteel life |
| Ghostly Ghastly | This dog has ghostly appearance. Unfortunately, his behaviour is so ghastly |
| Humility Humiliation | His greatest quality was his humility. He had to suffer a lot of humiliation in the election. |
| Healthy Healthful | He is quite healthy even in his old age. Morning walk is a healthful activity. |
| Hop Hope | He started hopping with joy. We hope we will succeed. |
| Imaginary Imaginative | This story is purely imaginary. Wordsworth was an imaginative poet. |
| Imperial Imperious | The king had to surrender all his imperial authority. He treats his subordinates in an imperious way. |
| Imply Infer | What does this statement imply? I can infer that you are interested in this scheme. |
| Incredible Incredulous | Don’t listen to him, his story is incredible. It is difficult to convince such incredulous people. |
| Ingenious Ingenuous | Everyone appreciated his ingenious plan. Ingenuous people are trusted by everyone. |
| Injection Injuction | This injection is effective against malaria. Interest is against Islamic injunctions. |
| Insensible Senseless | Insensible friends always pose problems. The Oldman was found senseless on the road. |
| Illicit Elicit | They were charged for illicit drug sale. We could not elicit any response from the class. |
| Intelligent Intelligible | Salma is a very intelligent girl. His lecture was not clear and intelligible. |
| Interesting Interested | We enjoyed this interesting story. I am not interested in sports. |
| Intolerable Intolerant | His harsh attitude was intolerable. Intolerant people create problems for others. |
| Judicial Judicious | Liaqat is facing a judicial inquiry. It was a judicious decision. |
| Junction Juncture | Khanewal is a big Railway junction. He helped us at a critical juncture. |
| Jealous Envious | I am not jealous of your success. One should be envious, rather than jealous of anyone |
| Kettle Cattle | Kettle, She is preparing tea in the kettle. His uncle has a big cattle farm. |
| Knotty Naughty | He is wise enough to solve such knotty problems. The teacher punished the naughty boys. |
| Less Fewer | My college is less than a mile from my house. There were fewer boys in the class today |
| Mental Mantel Mantle | This mental work will tire you. I saw his portrait on the mantel. These hills are wearing a mantle of snow. |
| Message Massage | Please give my message to your father. Massage gives relaxation to the tired body. |
| Momentary Momentous | We should not go after momentary joys of life. The Battle of Badr was a momentous event. |
